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LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

9 simple things German speakers have way too many words for

Just as soon as you think you’ve mastered the German language, you may feel that confidence completely shattered after finding that there can be dozens of different words for one thing, depending on where you are in Austria or Germany.

9 simple things German speakers have way too many words for
Do you eat Pfannkuchen or Palatschinken? Photo: Paul Gillingwater

Regional dialects and culinary traditions can complicate the matter because everyone seems to stick to their own terms for slippers, or for what to call their particular “local cuisine” – even if it's essentially the same recipe as in the state next door.

Ordering a Pfannkuchen in Berlin might get you your jelly-filled donut, but doing the same in most other places in Germany will get you a pancake. In Austria however, you need to ask for Palatschinken.

Here are a look at some of the concepts that the German language could perhaps consolidate a bit, based on research by Spiegel Online, Tages-Anzeiger and the app “Dialäkt Äpp”.

1. There are at least 25 different words for hiccup

What’s the German word for hiccup? That depends on who you ask and where. You might hear the more standard Hochdeutsch (high German) term Schluckauf.

Or Hädscher is you’re in the region of Franconia in central to southern Germany. And venture even further south to hear Hecker, Schnackler or even Schnackerl in Austria.

And of course the Swiss have to put their cutesy -i ending on their term: Hitzgi.

2. There are 12 different words for a pancake

For an English-speaker, the term Pfannkuchen makes the most sense as a literal translation of pancake (Pfanne means pan, Kuchen means cake). But while this word is understood in most of the country to be a round, flat, pan-cooked treat, in and around Berlin the word actually refers to jelly-filled donuts. Berliners – as well as other east Germans – prefer the term Eierkuchen for pancake.

And it’s not just Berlin that has its own name for the fairly standard breakfast fare.

Das Omlett or die Omelette is preferred in the west, particularly near the borders with France, or around German-speaking parts of Switzerland.

And then there’s Plinse or Plinz, which is heard near Leipzig or along the Polish border, which is basically a pancake, though English speakers might call them blintzes.

In Austria, the term Palatschinke, or Palatschinken is used.

3. There are 12 words for a gingerbread man

We dare you to find another English term for gingerbread man, but in the German-speaking world, it might actually be hard to agree on just one.

The term Lebkuchenmann is almost never spoken in the far west of Germany, according to Spiegel, but it seems to be the standard in cities like Munich, Berlin and Hanover.

Weckmann or Weckmännchen is far more preferred in the Rhineland and southwest, while Stutenkerl (literally fruit loaf fellow) is preferred in the northwest of Germany. But the difference in regional recipes might be part of why there are various names: Lebkuchen is a spiced dough, more similar to gingerbread, while Stuten often has raisins.

The area around Stuttgart and Karlsruhe seems to have its own unique name for such a dessert: Dambedei.

Meanwhile the man-shaped festive treat enjoyed within Austria is named after the region’s sinister demon creature who punishes bad children at Christmas time: Krampus.

4. 15 words for what’s basically a meatball

If you’ve sampled German and Austrian cuisine, you know a lot of it has to do with ground meat, whether in a sausage or other form.

So perhaps it’s not surprising that there is debate about what to call what is essentially a meatball.

Frikadelle, if you live in central west to northwest Germany, but Fleischküchle if in the southwest. Klops or Kloss in certain parts of east Germany, especially around Leipzig. But Beefsteak is even quite common for both Leipzig and Dresden.

And Fleischplanzl or Fleischpflanzerl if in Bavaria, especially Munich. And when in Austria, ask for Faschierten Laibchen, commonly called Fleischlaberl.

5. Nine different words for making small talk

There are certainly a number of colloquial phrases for having a casual chat in English – shooting the breeze in the US or having a chitchat in the UK. But German speakers seem to really like thinking up words for this daily ritual.

Quatschen is a favourite in both east and west Germany, though not so much right in the middle. Ratschen is much more common in south Germany, while the north and northwest seem to like klönen.

Schnacken is also a fun one from the north, around Hamburg. And babbeln is a good one to throw out there when in Hesse or Baden-Württemberg. In Austria, it’s more common to hear tratschen.

6. ‘Slippers’ come in ten varieties

You might have learnt to call your cozy, well-worn slippers Pantoffeln, but not everyone would agree with this vocabulary. In Austria, you’re more likely to hear them called them Schlapfen.

You could call them the almost Dr Seuss-sounding Schluffen, but that’s really only used in the western Rhineland, and perhaps in Frankfurt.

Just referring to them as Hausschuhe will probably get you the farthest no matter where you are in the German-speaking world. But you might also be tempted to use this fun-to-say east German word: Bambuschen.

7. 11 ways to talk about a slingshot

Ok German speakers, how many words do you need for slingshot? Apparently at least 11: Schleuder, Zwille, Fletsche, Flitsche, Katsche and more.

Are all of them really necessary?

8. 14 ways to mash potato

Part of the great variety on this one is that Austrians and southern Germans often say Erdapfel (literally ‘earth apple’) instead of Kartoffel. And on top of that you can add the ending of -brei, -püree or stock, depending on where you live.

But then there are those Germans who live in the historical region of Upper Lusatia in the east near Poland and the Czech Republic who have their own word for the dish: Mauke.

9. More than 50 words for the end piece of bread

We at The Local struggled to find just one English word to define the end piece of a loaf of bread. But perhaps we should steal one from Germans, because they have at least 51 different ways to describe this concept.

Which one’s your favourite? Take your pick:

  1. Kanten – throughout Germany

  2. Kante – mostly Germany

  3. Anschnitt – mostly Baden-Württemberg

  4. Anhau – parts of Switzerland

  5. Kipf – mostly southern Germany, around Munich

  6. Kipfel – mostly southern Germany and Hesse

  7. Ranft – southern, central and eastern Germany

  8. Ränftchen – centre and east Germany

  9. Raftl – not so common: parts southern Germany and Austria

  10. Rankl – mostly Bavaria

  11. Rämpftla – Bavaria and Saxony

  12. Knorze – Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate

  13. Knorzen – Frankfurt

  14. Knust – throughout Germany

  15. Knüstchen – mostly central west Germany

  16. Knietzchen – the very centre of Germany

  17. Kniesje – near the border with France

  18. Knäuschen – mostly west and southwest

  19. Knäusle – mostly Baden-Württemberg

  20. Knerzel – Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate

  21. Knetzla – Mostly Cologne and Nurenberg

  22. Knerzje – Rhineland-Palatinate

  23. Scherz – parts of Bavaria and Austria

  24. Scherzel – parts of Bavaria and Austria

  25. Scherzerl – parts of Bavaria and Austria

  26. Zipfel – Vienna, parts of Switzerland and southern Germany

  27. Kruste – mostly western germany and Frankfurt

  28. Krust – Cochem, Rhineland Palatinate

  29. Krüstchen – mostly western Germany

  30. Kirschte – parts of west Germany

  31. Kierschtsche – parts of west Germany

  32. Korscht – parts of west Germany

  33. Kuuscht – parts of west Germany

  34. Kürstchen – parts of west Germany

  35. Knäppke – west and northwest Germany

  36. Knippchen – parts of west Germany

  37. Mürggu – Switzerland

  38. Mirggel – parts of Switzerland

  39. Muger – parts of Switzerland

  40. Mutsch – parts of Switzerland

  41. Küppla – parts of northern Bavaria

  42. Küpple – central Germany

  43. Köppla – parts of northern Bavaria

  44. Kübbele – central Germany

  45. Reifle – parts of southern Germany

  46. Riebele – mostly Baden-Württemberg, but also Bonn and Hamburg

  47. Rindl – parts of Bavaria and east Germany

  48. Chäppeli – Switzerland

  49. Chäppi – Switzerland

  50. Houdi -Switzerland

  51. Das Ende – various parts of Germany

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LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

Le Havre rules: How to talk about French towns beginning with Le, La or Les

If you're into car racing, French politics or visits to seaside resorts you are likely at some point to need to talk about French towns with a 'Le' in the title. But how you talk about these places involves a slightly unexpected French grammar rule. Here's how it works.

An old WW2 photo taken in the French port town of Le Havre.
An old WW2 photo taken in the French port town of Le Havre. It can be difficult to know what prepositions to use for places like this - so we have explained it for you. (Photo by AFP)

If you’re listening to French chat about any of those topics, at some point you’re likely to hear the names of Mans, Havre and Touquet bandied about.

And this is because French towns that have a ‘Le’ ‘La’ or ‘Les’ in the title lose them when you begin constructing sentences. 

As a general rule, French town, commune and city names do not carry a gender. 

So if you wanted to describe Paris as beautiful, you could write: Paris est belle or Paris est beau. It doesn’t matter what adjectival agreement you use. 

For most towns and cities, you would use à to evoke movement to the place or explain that you are already there, and de to explain that you come from/are coming from that location:

Je vais à Marseille – I am going to Marseille

Je suis à Marseille – I am in Marseille 

Je viens de Marseille – I come from Marseille 

But a select few settlements in France do carry a ‘Le’, a ‘La’ or a ‘Les’ as part of their name. 

In this case the preposition disappears when you begin formulating most sentences, and you structure the sentence as you would any other phrase with a ‘le’, ‘la’ or ‘les’ in it.

Masculine

Le is the most common preposition for two names (probably something to do with the patriarchy) with Le Havre, La Mans, Le Touquet and the town of Le Tampon on the French overseas territory of La Réunion (more on that later)

A good example of this is Le Havre, a city in northern France where former Prime Minister, Edouard Philippe, who is tipped to one day run for the French presidency, serves as mayor. 

Edouard Philippe’s twitter profile describes him as the ‘Maire du Havre’, using a masculine preposition

Here we can see that his location is Le Havre, and his Twitter handle is Philippe_LH (for Le Havre) but when he comes to describe his job the Le disappears.

Because Le Havre is masculine, he describes himself as the Maire du Havre rather than the Maire de Havre (Anne Hidalgo, for example would describe herself as the Maire de Paris). 

For place names with ‘Le’ in front of them, you should use prepositions like this:

Ja vais au Touquet – I am going to Le Touquet

Je suis au Touquet – I am in Le Touquet 

Je viens du Touquet – I am from Le Touquet 

Je parle du Touquet – I am talking about Le Touquet

Le Traité du Touquet – the Le Touquet Treaty

Feminine

Some towns carry ‘La’ as part of their name. La Rochelle, the scenic town on the west coast of France known for its great seafood and rugby team, is one such example.

In French ‘à la‘ or ‘de la‘ is allowed, while ‘à le‘ becomes au and ‘de le’ becomes du. So for ‘feminine’ towns such as this, you should use the following prepositions:

Je vais à La Rochelle – I am going to La Rochelle

Je viens de La Rochelle – I am coming from La Rochelle 

Plural

And some places have ‘Les’ in front of their name, like Les Lilas, a commune in the suburbs of Paris. The name of this commune literally translates as ‘The Lilacs’ and was made famous by Serge Gainsbourg’s song Le Poinçonneur des Lilas, about a ticket puncher at the Metro station there. 

When talking about a place with ‘Les’ as part of the name, you must use a plural preposition like so:

Je suis le poinçonneur des Lilas – I am the ticket puncher of Lilas 

Je vais aux Lilas – I am going to Les Lilas

Il est né aux Lilas – He was born in Les Lilas  

Islands 

Islands follow more complicated rules. 

If you are talking about going to one island in particular, you would use à or en. This has nothing to do with gender and is entirely randomised. For example:

Je vais à La Réunion – I am going to La Réunion 

Je vais en Corse – I am going to Corsica 

Generally speaking, when talking about one of the en islands, you would use the following structure to suggest movement from the place: 

Je viens de Corse – I am coming from Corsica 

For the à Islands, you would say:

Je viens de La Réunion – I am coming from La Réunion 

When talking about territories composed of multiple islands, you should use aux.

Je vais aux Maldives – I am going to the Maldives. 

No preposition needed 

There are some phrases in French which don’t require any a preposition at all. This doesn’t change when dealing with ‘Le’ places, such as Le Mans – which is famous for its car-racing track and Motorcycle Grand Prix. Phrases that don’t need a preposition include: 

Je visite Le Mans – I am visiting Le Mans

J’aime Le Mans – I like Le Mans

But for a preposition phrase, the town becomes simply Mans, as in Je vais au Mans.

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