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Men with foreign names face job discrimination in Sweden: study

Men with foreign-sounding names face significantly worse discrimination when applying for jobs in Sweden than their female counterparts, according to a new study from Stockholm University.

Published: 30 March 2022 13:24 CEST

A woman faces a man in a suit in an office situation

In Sweden, women with foreign-sounding names face less discrimination than the men. Photo: Melker Dahlstrand/imagebank.sweden.se

The study analysed the response rates to 5,641 job applications sent out by researchers for various studies between 2014 and 2020.

It found that men with foreign-sounding names were only called back after 27 percent of applications, while women with foreign-sounding names were called back after 32 percent of applications.

“What we saw was that recruiters favoured female applicants with foreign-sounding names ahead of male applicants with foreign-sounding names, and that this happened above all in professions which require a higher level of education,” said Anni Erlandsson, the post-doctoral researcher at the university who carried out the study.

Applications purporting to be from men and women with Swedish-sounding names, in comparison, had a response rate of 44.3 percent and 43.7 percent respectively. This means men with foreign-sounding names could face a 17 percentage point disadvantage from the moment they send in their CVs.

“One of my main findings is that we do not find any evidence of gender discrimination in Sweden, and we find no discrimination among parents, between mothers or fathers,” Erlandsson told The Local. “This suggests that the ideas about gender inequality in the labour market might not be driven by gender discrimination, at least not at this stage of the recruitment process.

“But at the same time, ethnic discrimination [during recruitment] does seem to be one of the sources of ethnic inequality in the labour market.”

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Sweden votes 'yes' to lowering age for legal gender change

The law passed with 234 votes in favour and 94 against in Sweden’s 349-seat parliament.

While the Nordic country was the first to introduce legal gender reassignment in 1972, the proposal, aimed at allowing so-called “self-identification” and simplifying the procedure, sparked an intense debate in the country.

The debate has also weakened conservative Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson’s standing, after he admitted to caving into pressure from party members on the issue.

“The great majority of Swedes will never notice that the law has changed, but for a number of transgender people the new law makes a large and important difference,” Johan Hultberg, an MP representing the ruling conservative Moderate Party, told parliament.

Beyond lowering the age, the new legislation is aimed at making it simpler for a person to change their legal gender.

“The process today is very long, it can take up to seven years to change your legal gender in Sweden,” Peter Sidlund Ponkala, president of the Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex Rights (RFSL), told AFP.

Two new laws will go into force on July 1, 2025: one regulating surgical procedures to change gender, and one regulating the administrative procedure to change legal gender in the official register.

No diagnosis needed

People will be able to change their legal gender as of age 16, though those under 18 will need the approval of their parents, a doctor, and the National Board of Health and Welfare.

A diagnosis of “gender dysphoria” — where a person may experience distress as a result of a mismatch between their biological sex and the gender they identify as — will no longer be required.

Surgical procedures to transition would, like now, be allowed from the age of 18, but would no longer require the Board of Health and Welfare’s approval.

The removal of ovaries or testes will however only be allowed from the age of 23, unchanged from today.

A number of European countries have already passed laws making it easier for people to change their legal gender.

Citing a need for caution, Swedish authorities decided in 2022 to halt hormone therapy for minors except in very rare cases, and ruled that mastectomies for teenage girls wanting to transition should be limited to a research setting.

Sweden has seen a sharp rise in gender dysphoria cases.

The trend is particularly visible among 13- to 17-year-olds born female, with an increase of 1,500 percent since 2008, according to the Board of Health and Welfare.

While tolerance for gender transitions has long been high in the progressive and liberal country, political parties across the board have been torn by internal divisions over the new proposal, and academics, health care professionals and commentators have come down on both sides of the issue.

‘Deplorable’

A poll published this week suggested almost 60 percent of Swedes oppose the proposal, while only 22 percent back it.

Far-right Sweden Democrats leader Jimmie Akesson lamented the result of Wednesday’s vote.

“I think it’s deplorable that a proposal that obviously lacks support among the population is so casually voted through,” Akesson told reporters.

Some critics had expressed concerns about biological males in women’s locker rooms and prisons, and fear the simplified procedure to change legal gender will encourage confused youths to embark down the path toward surgical transitions.

Others had insisted that more study was needed given the lack of explanation for the sharp rise in gender dysphoria.

In a sign of the strong feelings it stirred, members of parliament spent six hours debating the proposal.

“There is a clear correlation with different types of psychiatric conditions or diagnoses, such as autism,” Annika Strandhall, head of the women’s wing of the Social Democrats (S-kvinnor), told Swedish news agency TT ahead of the vote.

“We want to pause this (age change) and wait until there is further research that can explain this increase” in gender dysphoria cases.

Kristersson, the prime minister, had defended the proposal as “balanced and responsible”.

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