Facing an annual general meeting for the first time since the scandal erupted in September, Matthias Müller said: “On behalf of the Volkswagen Group and everyone who works here, I apologize to you shareholders for your trust in Volkswagen being betrayed.

“This misconduct goes against everything that Volkswagen stands for,” he added nine months after the start of the “Dieselgate” affair, when it emerged VW had installed emissions-cheating software into 11 million diesel engines worldwide.

Volkswagen is far from drawing a line under the scandal, with the costs of the affair still incalculable while it remains unclear if VW's own internal investigation will pinpoint the major culprits behind the scam.

And the auto giant, which owns 12 brands ranging from Volkswagen and Porsche to Audi and SEAT, still faces a myriad of regulatory fines and lawsuits from customers and shareholders.

Shareholders are expected to use the AGM in the northern city of Hanover to let off steam at the way management has handled the affair.

Two days ahead of the meeting, prosecutors provided more fodder to the irate shareholders when they said they were investigating former VW boss Martin Winterkorn for having allegedly manipulated the market by holding back information about emissions cheating at the car giant.

A second former member of the board was also under probe, prosecutors said, without giving the individual's name, but a Volkswagen spokesman told AFP that the suspect was Herbert Diess – who is in charge of the VW brand.

Listed companies are required to disclose information that could affect market prices immediately.

But VW complied with its disclosure obligation only on September 22nd, 2015, prosecutors said, four days after US regulators went public that they were charging the company for emissions cheating.

'Crisis has opened doors'

The allegations struck at the heart of shareholders' misgivings, as they have since early on in the scandal also accused management of dragging their feet in informing them about the scam, which led to a stunning 40-percent drop in the company's share price last autumn.

The stock has since recovered somewhat, but is still 26 percent below the levels before the scandal broke last September, and the company's finances also remain weak.

After it was forced to set aside €16 billion in provisions to cover the costs of the affair so far, it sank to a net loss of €1.6 billion, its first loss in two decades.

Giving an update of the company's internal investigation into the affair, chairman Hans Dieter Pötsch said some 550 interviews had been carried out by the US consultants charged with the probe, Jones Day.

Nevertheless, a number of shareholder lobby groups are demanding special enquiries into who should be held responsible for the affair, arguing that Jones Day is not sufficiently independent.

Seeking to reassure shareholders of management's commitment to regain their trust, Müller said the crisis could eventually prove to be “beneficial”.

“The crisis has also opened doors. It forced us to strengthen and speed up overdue changes, and to set new priorities. To turn this crisis into an opportunity has been my goal from the beginning,” he said.

Müller hinted in a newspaper interview on Tuesday that the car giant could abandon diesel engine technology in the wake of the scandal.

“We have to ask ourselves whether… we want to spend more money on the further development of diesel,” Müller told the business daily Handelsblatt, promising that VW would take a “fundamental” look at the issue.

The move appeared to be in line with the group's plans to reposition itself as a leading player in environmentally sustainable modes of transport, with more than 30 all-electric models to be unveiled by 2025.

Regardless of any doubts small shareholders may have over VW's path forward, the power they wield remains limited.

They hold just 11 percent of the voting rights in VW, while the founding families Porsche and Piech hold 52 percent, the regional state of Lower Saxony 20 percent and the state of Qatar 17 percent.

Speaking for Qatar, Hessa Al Jaber said she believes that VW's management “genuinely wants to turn the company around.”