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WEATHER

Semana Santa: What will the weather be like in Spain this Easter?

Spain's much-anticipated Easter celebrations begin this weekend. It's a time when people around the country take the time to travel or join in the festivities, so many will be keeping an eye on the weather forecast.

Published: 22 March 2024 10:13 CET
Updated: 25 March 2024 08:55 CET
Semana Santa: What will the weather be like in Spain this Easter?
Will it rain in Spain this Easter? Photo: LLUIS GENE / AFP

Spring is typically one of the rainiest seasons in Spain, but with severe droughts affecting parts of the country and not as much precipitation as normal, many people may actually be praying for rain this Easter. But, it could also put a dampener on Holy Week parades planned throughout the country over the next week. 

Easter falls early this year compared to other years, running from March 24th, Palm Sunday, until April 1st, Easter Monday, meaning that cooler temperatures and unpredictability will be common. 

READ ALSO: What are the best cities in Spain to see the Semana Santa processions?

Weather forecasters are predicting cooler temperatures than there have been over the past week, which could also bring rain showers across the country. 

According to meteorologists from Tiempo.es, the beginning of the Easter weekend could be characterised by showers and storms across the western part of the peninsular, heading towards the Canary Islands, as well as the presence of calima or haze in various parts of Spain.

READ ALSO – Weather in Spain: What is ‘calima’ and is it bad for you?

The storms will be particularly noticeable in the Canary Islands, where heavy rainfall is expected from Friday morning until Monday, March 25th. 

During the first weekend of Semana Santa, we may also see precipitation in Galicia, passing across the Cantabrian Sea to the north of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.

Typically the rainiest parts of the country over Easter are Galicia and the Cantabrian coast, according to climatic data. Between March 23rd and April 1st, it usually rains for more than five days.

This year, however, rainfall is expected to be higher than normal in the western and central half of the peninsula, as well as in the Canary Islands.

When it comes to temperatures, March usually ranges from 7C on average in inland areas to 15-16C in the south and east or 19-20C in the Canary Islands.

The values are milder in coastal areas and south below the River Ebro. In Seville, for example, the mercury typically reach 16.5C on average, with maximums rising to 22C and minimums above 10C to 11C. It’s also hotter during the day in areas like Murcia, with maximum temperatures usually around 22C.

This year, however, forecasters are expecting temperatures to be below average in much of the Peninsula, especially in the western part of the country. It will be most notable in Galicia, Extremadura, western Castilla y León and western Andalusia. 

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WEATHER

Does Spain use cloud seeding?

Some voices online blamed cloud seeding for flash flooding in Dubai recently. Does Spain use this weather modification technique and is it being harnessed as a means of combatting severe drought in the country?

Published: 30 April 2024 11:06 CEST
Does Spain use cloud seeding?

The internet was awash with images of dramatic flooding in the UAE two weeks ago, in which parts of the country saw more rainfall in a single day than it usually does in an entire year on average.

The UEA government stated that it was the most rainfall the country had seen in 75 years and an incredible 10 inches of rain fell in the city of Al Ain.

Predictably, the freak weather event sparked fierce internet debate about the causes and consequences among climate change activists and climate change sceptics. The cause, in particular, struck a chord with certain subsections of the internet and many were asking the same question: did ‘cloud seeding’ cause this biblical downpour?

But what exactly is cloud seeding? Does Spain use it? And with the country’s ongoing drought conditions, should it be using it?

What is cloud seeding?

According to the Desert Research Institute: “Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that improves a cloud’s ability to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. These nuclei provide a base for snowflakes to form. After cloud seeding takes place, the newly formed snowflakes quickly grow and fall from the clouds back to the surface of the Earth, increasing snowpack and streamflow.”

Cloud seeing is used by countries around the world, not only in the Middle East but in China and the U.S, usually in areas suffering drought concerns. The process can be done from the ground, with generators, or from above with planes.

Does Spain use cloud seeding?

Sort of, but on a far smaller scale and not in the same way other countries do. In places like China and the U.S, where large swathes of the country are at risk of drought, cloud seeding is used to help replenish rivers and reservoirs and implemented on an industrial scale.

In Spain, however, the technique has been for a much more specific (and small scale) reason: to avoid hailstorms that can destroy crops.

This has mostly been used in the regions of Madrid and Aragón historically.

But cloud seeding isn’t something new and innovative, despite how futuristic it might seem. In fact, Spain has a pretty long history when it comes to weather manipulation techniques. Between 1979 and 1981, the first attempts to stimulate rainfall took place in Spain, coordinated by the World Meteorological Organisation.

“In 1979, in Valladolid, different techniques were developed to observe the local clouds but they did not meet any possible conditions for cloud seeding experiments. The project came to a standstill,” José Luis Sánchez, professor of Applied Physics at the University of León, told La Vanguardia.

This sort of cloud seeding, as used abroad, doesn’t really happen in Spain anymore. Rather, when it’s used it’s done to protect crops on a local level. Spain’s Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge are responsible for authorising cloud seeding, but there are only a handful of current authorisations to combat hail, such as the one granted to the Madrid’s Agricultural Chamber combat hail in the south-east of the region.

As of 2024, it is believed that no regions have requested cloud seeding (whether by generator or plane) to ‘produce’ more rain.

So, cloud seeding isn’t currently used like it is in countries such as the U.S., China, and the UAE. But should it, and could it solve the drought issue in Spain?

An aircraft technician inspects a plane’s wing mounted with burn-in silver iodide (dry ice) flare racks. (Photo by Indranil MUKHERJEE / AFP)

Spain’s drought conditions

Spain has been suffering drought conditions for several years now. Last year the government announced a multi-billion dollar package to combat the drought conditions, and several regions of Spain have brought in water restrictions to try and maintain dwindling reservoir reserves. 

READ ALSO:

At times in Spain in recent years it has felt as though another temperature or minimum rainfall record is broken every other day. The drought conditions are particularly bad in the southern region of Andalusia and Catalonia, where, despite heavy rain over Easter, reservoirs in the region are at just 18 percent capacity, the lowest level in the country.

So, could cloud seeding be used in Spain to help alleviate some of the drought conditions? Yes and no. Seeding is not the only answer to drought, but could theoretically be used as one option among many.

“It’s just another tool in the box,” Mikel Eytel, a water resources specialist with the Colorado River District, told Yale Environment 360 magazine: “It’s not the panacea that some people think it is.”

This is essentially because cloud seeding does not actually produce more rain, rather it stimulates water vapour already present in clouds to condense and fall faster. For there to be a significant amount of rainfall, the air needs significant levels of moisture.

That is to say, using cloud seeing to try and stimulate more rain may help Spain’s drought conditions in a small way, but the difference would be marginal.

“It’s not as simple and may not be as promising as people would like,” respected cloud physicist Professor William R. Cotton, wrote in The Conversation. 

“Experiments that produce snow or rain require the right type of clouds with sufficient moisture and the right temperature and wind conditions. The percentage increases are small and it is difficult to know when the snow or rain fell naturally and when it was triggered by seeding.”

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