The €477-billion ($519 billion) budget, the result of months of wrangling, includes €39 billion in new borrowing.

The figure brings Europe’s top economy back into compliance with its constitutionally enshrined “debt brake”, which prevents the state from borrowing more than 0.35 percent of annual GDP, barring exceptional circumstances.

The debt brake had been suspended since 2020, first because of the pandemic and then because of the economic fallout from Russia’s war in Ukraine.

The Bundestag lower house of parliament passed the budget with 388 votes in favour and 279 votes against.

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The revised budget includes a higher ticket tax on passenger flights, changes to social benefits as well as an agricultural subsidy cut that has angered farmers.

Scholz’s three-party coalition has scrambled to find savings after a constitutional court ruling in November upended its spending plans.

The court found that the government had broken the debt rule when it transferred €60 billion earmarked for pandemic support to a climate fund.

The ruling tore a €17-billion hole in the government’s 2024 finance plans.

After tense negotiations, Scholz’s Social Democrats and their coalition partners from the Greens and the pro-business FDP agreed cuts to help make up the shortfall.

Among the most controversial was the proposed phaseout of a diesel tax break for agricultural vehicles, triggering nationwide protests by farmers last month.

The government however scrapped a plan to also abolish a vehicle tax discount for agricultural machinery.

The Bundesrat upper house, which represents the regional states, has yet to approve the phaseout of agricultural diesel tax relief. A vote on the measure is expected on March 22nd.

The budget crisis has revived debate about the “debt brake” at a time when Germany’s economy is struggling and huge investments are needed to finance the green transition and modernise outdated infrastructure.

This has deepened tensions within Scholz’s coalition, already facing a slump in popularity among the German public.

The liberal FDP strongly supports the debt cap while the Social Democrats and the Greens are more open to relaxing the rules – especially if more help were needed for Ukraine.

The next showdown is already looming in the shape of the 2025 budget, when the government will have to plug a hole of €13-20 billion in its budget plans.