Professor Ludvig Sollid and his team at the University of Oslo have discovered that coeliac sufferers have one of two defective human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) which cause the immune system to see gluten molecules as dangerous, triggering an immune response which causes severe inflammation and other symptoms.
“When a person who has coeliac disease eats gluten, the immune system reacts to gluten as if it were a virus or a bacterium,” Sollid told Norway’s NRK. “It attacks the gluten, and part of this attack causes the immune system attacks the body itself.”
HLAs are proteins which act as markers, binding to fragments of other proteins, and so telling white blood cells called T-cells how to treat them. The defective HLAs bind to fragments of gluten, fooling the T-cells into thinking they are bacteria or viruses.
“We think that this is huge,” Sollid said. “We understand the immune cells that are activated and why they are activated.”
Sollid carried out the research In collaboration with colleagues at the Centre for Immune Regulation at University of Oslo.
Coeliac disease can be a severe disorder, causing debilitating pain, chronic constipation and diarrhoea, stunted growth in children, anaemia and fatigue,
It was first described and named by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a Greek physician practicing in the 1st century, but it wasn’t until the 1940s that it was linked to wheat consumption, and until 1952 that it was specifically linked to gluten.
DISEASE
Norway scientists find cause of coeliac disease
Norwegian scientists have discovered the cause of coeliac disease, the auto-immune disorder which causes gluten intolerance in about one in a hundred people
DISEASE
Eight deaths in southern Germany blamed on shrew-borne disease
Eight cases of the Borna virus, transmitted by shrews, have been identified in encephalitis patients who died between 1999 and 2019, researchers said Wednesday.
All eight cases occurred in southern Germany, mostly among people living in rural or semi-rural areas and in regular contact with animals, they reported in The Lancet, a medical journal.
Carried by the bicoloured white-toothed shrew, the virus triggers an inflammation of the brain, and is known to affect horses and sheep.
The researchers speculated that it could be transmitted by house cats that had come into contact with infected shrews.
Symptoms start with fever, headaches and confusion, and progress to memory loss, convulsions and loss of consciousness.
READ ALSO: Where the flu epidemic has been hitting Germany the hardest
There is no known treatment for the disease, which gets its name from a town in Germany and was first described in the late 18th century.
In the eight newly identified cases, patients fell into a coma and died 16 to 57 days after hospital admission.
“Our findings indicate that Borna disease virus infection has to be considered a severe and potentially lethal human disease transmitted from a wildlife reservoir,” said co-author Barbara Schmidt from Regensburg University Hospital.
“It appears to have occurred unnoticed in humans for at least decades, and may have caused other unexplained cases of encephalitis in regions where the virus is endemic in the host shrew population.”
The scientists recommended testing for Borna virus in patients who suffer rapid deterioration of their nervous systems in order to establish the scale of infection among humans.
“It is still relatively rare in absolute numbers, but it might be behind a larger proportion of unexplained severe-to-fatal encephalitis cases,” said co-author Martin Beer from the Friedrich-Löffler Institute.
“Only more tests on patients with severe or even deadly encephalitis will find this out.”
The study, led by Hans Helmut Niller of the Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene in Regensburg, examined the brain tissue of 56 patients who developed encephalitis-like symptoms at some point over the last two decades.
The new findings bring the total number of confirmed Borna cases in southern Germany — all fatal — to 14.
The researchers were not able to definitively establish how the Borna virus was transmitted to humans, but victims for which such information was available lived in rural settings around animals.
“In at least seven cases, close contact with cats was reported,” they said in a statement.
“When cats hunt, they might bring shrews into their homes, exposing humans to them.”
The genetic profiles of all eight of the new cases were all distinct and matched the profile of locally infected shrews or horses, suggesting the infections occurred independently.
READ ALSO: World under-prepared for next serious epidemic, German health minister warns
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