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CARL BILDT

Reinfeldt and Bildt: tactician and veteran diplomat at EU helm

One is a calculating tactician new to the global stage, the other an impulsive veteran passionate about EU expansion: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt and Foreign Minister Carl Bildt are Sweden's tag team for the upcoming EU presidency.

Reinfeldt and Bildt: tactician and veteran diplomat at EU helm

Reinfeldt, who has served as prime minister since October 2006, has during

his three years in power proven himself as a solid, capable and popular statesman, according to observers.

“He is an incredibly thorough politician, who is always well-prepared and who leaves nothing to chance. He thinks everything through, and never acts on gut instinct,” Henrik Brors, editorialist at leading daily Dagens Nyheter, told AFP.

Reinfeldt used those skills to methodically shift his Moderate Party away from its right-wing upper class roots to appeal to a larger swathe of voters near the centre, making his party electable by convincing Swedes he wanted to fix their cherished welfare state, not destroy it.

That helped him wrest power away from the Social Democrats, who have governed Sweden for all but 12 of the past 77 years.

He has since implemented a slew of reforms, including reducing jobless benefits to boost employment and launching a major privatisation programme.

While the changes have been hard pills to swallow for some Swedes, Reinfeldt has consistently topped the polls as the country’s most viable leader — a position he has cemented during the global financial crisis.

“He has gained more self-confidence during the crisis, since the Swedish measures have been so well received by voters,” Brors said.

Reinfeldt, 43, is known for his cool, soft-spoken temperament and casual style. With his run-of-the-mill looks, he comes across as an ordinary Swede: he admits to enjoying housework and Swedish disco sensation ABBA.

Married to Filippa, a municipal politician with whom he has three children, Reinfeldt readily admits that neither he nor his party are visionaries, but rather pragmatists.

“Society is what people make of it, and not something that is decided from the top down,” he once said in a newspaper interview.

Perhaps it was pragmatism that prompted him to draw on Bildt’s vast diplomatic experience when he asked him three years ago to serve as foreign minister in his cabinet.

Bildt, widely seen in Sweden as one of the country’s most competent politicians but a touch arrogant, had not only served as prime minister from 1991 to 1994, he also harshly reprimanded a young Reinfeldt in 1994 when the latter criticised Bildt for being too dominant a figure in the Moderate Party.

Reinfeldt was frozen out of top party positions for several years.

“We were all very surprised when Reinfeldt appointed Bildt,” Brors said.

But three years on, the pair seem to have respect for each other’s abilities.

Bildt, 60, “appears to have accepted that he is not always number one, that sometimes he has to stand in Reinfeldt’s shadow,” Brors said.

With his strongly pro-European Union views, Bildt has devoted much of his time since the mid-1990s to the Balkans. That work has left its mark on his politics: he is a fierce advocate of welcoming eastern states into the EU as a way of ensuring peace and stability in Europe.

The slender, once-blond-now-greying Swede was made the international community’s first envoy in Bosnia in January 1996, two months after the agreement which determined the shattered nation’s post-war status.

He held that job, which required a firm hand in dealing with Bosnia’s complex politics, until June the next year.

He also spent a year and a half as the EU’s high representative to Bosnia- Hercegovina, during the period when the Balkan nation was emerging from the horrors of war.

Bildt is known for his boundless energy — which has been known to wear down his co-workers — and writes a blog where he comments daily on world events.

And while Bildt is not afraid to make waves, Brors said he expected to see a “toned-down” foreign minister during the Swedish presidency, which begins July 1st.

He speculated Bildt was eyeing a key post in the next European Commission, either as the new EU foreign minister or as enlargement commissioner.

Both jobs would appear to suit Bildt perfectly, now that his wife, Italian ex-diplomat and entrepreneur Anna Maria Corazza Bildt, was recently elected to the European parliament.

The couple have one son together, and Bildt has two other children from a previous marriage.

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INTERNET

Did Sweden just sign up to ‘principled’ internet surveillance?

Recent comments by Foreign Minister Carl Bildt have technologist Stefan Geens wondering if, post-Snowden, Sweden will be the first country to agree to conduct internet surveillance in a responsible, principled manner.

Did Sweden just sign up to 'principled' internet surveillance?

This week in Seoul, while speaking at a ministerial-level conference on internet governance issues, Sweden’s Foreign Minister Carl Bildt did a remarkable thing.

SeoulCyber2013 is the first high-level meeting on internet governance since the summer, when Edward Snowden began revealing the extremes to which the US and other countries will go to monitor internet use, with scant regard for user privacy. Post-Snowden, these conferences can no longer ignore the fact that among the biggest threats to a thriving internet are states’ own policies and actions, including those made by democracies in the absence of transparency and public oversight.

What the limits should be of state action in cyberspace is far from settled. At the Stockholm Internet Forum in May 2013, a coalition of civil society organizations first mooted a set of legal principles that would constrain state cyber-surveillance activities. In their view, to the extent that surveillance is necessary to protect the interests of a state’s citizens, it should be conducted in accordance with human rights law, protecting privacy and freedom of expression.

These principles, now 13 in number and listed on the Necessary & Proportionate campaign site, make for a remarkable document, because by signing it, the 280 sponsoring NGOs are explicitly conceding that surveillance can be a legitimate state activity, in certain cases trumping an individual’s right to privacy. Although the influential Electronic Frontier Foundation signed it, some of its activist members felt this conciliatory act was hard to swallow.

SEE ALSO: ‘The future of freedom on the internet is at stake’

At first, the 13 principles did not seem to gain much traction with states. In Sweden, some members of the internet policy establishment were privately dismissive of such initiatives — Sweden, they argued, had already had a vigorous and contentious parliamentary debate about surveillance which had resulted in the FRA (signals intelligence) law. Re-opening that particular can of worms just to adhere to a wish list of best practices was not a viable or desirable option. But this was a sentiment from the pre-Snowden era.

In September, the principles were submitted by NGOs to the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, where they got a favorable hearing by UN human rights experts, including the Special Rapporteur Frank La Rue.

And now for that remarkable thing in Seoul. Bildt, near the end of his speech, proposed a set of principles to constrain state surveillance that mirrors most of the core principles enumerated by the NGOs. He called on state surveillance activities to abide by the legal principles of legality, legitimate aim, necessity and adequacy, proportionality, judicial authority, transparency and public oversight. (Do read the texts for a precise definition of each of these terms.)

Suddenly, Sweden is heading for common ground with NGOs in balancing the prerogatives of digital statecraft with the human rights of internet users. The overlap is not complete — Bildt’s speech skips a number of additional principles proposed in the NGO document — but there is no doubt that this step amounts to tangible progress in getting these principles promoted to norms that states can aspire to, with Sweden being the first country (that I am aware of) to openly articulate this ambition.

Of course, the devil is in the details, and questions remain: Are there policy implications for the Swedish government in embracing these principles, or will the government maintain that Swedish law already conforms to all these norms? One example: The principle of transparency calls on states to, in Bildt’s words, “provide information on how the surveillance legislation works in practice.” The FRA law as it stands today only compels the signals intelligence agency to report back to the “relevant authorities”; the Swedish public most certainly does not get access to how it works “in practice”, not even to aggregate information on how often requests are made, or broadly to what end. Still, thinking creatively, it’s worth noting that there is nothing in the FRA law that prohibits the government from sharing aggregated information with the public.

Meanwhile, are the “missing” principles missing because they directly contradict current Swedish law? For example, is the principle of ensuring the integrity, security and privacy of communications systems, which would prohibit states from forcing internet service providers to preemptively retain customers’ metadata, “missing” from Bildt’s list because it contravenes Sweden’s data retention law, passed in 2012 to put the country in line with European directives?

SEE ALSO: ‘In a networked world, Sweden may be more powerful than the US’

And amid press reports of Sweden frequently sharing intelligence with the NSA, will there be policy adjustments towards countries that do not share Sweden’s principles for ethical surveillance practices? In the same vein, it would be hypocritical of Sweden to uphold these principles if the National Defence Radio Establishment (Försvarets radioanstalt, FRA) gets to circumvent them merely by outsourcing all ethically questionable intelligence gathering to a less scrupulous foreign ally.

Where do we go from here? By next year’s Stockholm Internet Forum, why not present the results of an independent audit assessing Sweden’s practical compliance with these principles? Let’s say Sweden scores a 6 out of 13. That would be enough to propel the country into first place in a one-country league table of all countries submitting themselves to such public scrutiny, and it would begin a process that the rest of the world can join to build a freer, more secure internet for all.

Stefan Geens is a strategist and concept developer at Söderhavet, Sweden’s digital agency of the year.

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