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LIVING IN SWEDEN

IN DATA: Why you’re not alone if you feel lonely in Sweden

It's not much consolation if you're a foreigner struggling to make friends, but you are not alone. According to official statistics, foreigners in Sweden feel lonelier and report fewer close friendships than Swedes. The Local's intern Rita Cruz carried out an open survey to learn more.

Published: 31 August 2022 12:22 CEST
IN DATA: Why you're not alone if you feel lonely in Sweden
A woman looks mournfully over an expanse of water. Photo: Jessica Gow/TT

You arrive in Sweden to work, study, or start a life with your partner. You join five or six international groups on Facebook, you are friendly to your neighbours, and take fika with your classmates and colleagues. You start collective activities and hobbies, you take Swedish lessons, you put yourself out there. But it seems you can only connect with other foreigners – why can’t you get through to Swedes? Is it in your head or is there some truth to it?

It’s an old debate, expat online forums and social media groups go through it over and over again, and researchers have been discussing it for decades. By now, Sweden’s cold, unfriendly reputation seems to be irreversible.

We asked The Local’s readers for their insight and they said it was indeed very hard to make friends in Sweden – with Swedes, that is. Looking at the issue with a scientific eye, data from Statistics Sweden (SCB), Sweden’s official statistics agency, shows that foreigners report feeling lonelier and having a harder time making friends.

While there may be many straightforward answers, like a feeling of not belonging to a new society, negative experiences while seeking housing or employment, or just a language barrier, a lot points out to cultural aspects.

Is it a matter of culture?

The Expat Insider Survey, organised by the expat networking organisation Internations, constantly ranks Sweden as one of the unfriendliest countries for international residents. When looking at topics like how easy it is to settle in, how welcome society is, how friendly the locals are and how easy it is to make friends, Swedish culture seems to be the root of the problem.

In 2022, Mexico dominated in all categories of friendliness and openness, and countries like Brazil, Portugal and Spain, or Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand all make an appearance in the top 10, while the Nordics are completely absent. Are Latin American or Southeast Asia countries culturally more open and welcoming? 

For decades, academics have discussed what constitutes Swedish culture and how that can be seen as an obstacle by foreigners. Åke Daun, a professor at Stockholm University, has produced the most well-known research. He found that a clear separation of the private and public spheres was puzzling to non-Swedes.

“Swedes find it completely natural not to socialise privately with colleagues even if they have worked together for years. This doesn't conflict with the fact that many Swedes actually count those with whom they work as among their closest friends”, he wrote in the 1980s.

Since most internationals’ contact with Swedes is at work, it makes it hard for them to make Swedish friends.

“Even Swedes can - to the surprise of many foreign observers - work side by side for years without ever having been to each other’s homes,” Daun wrote. 

In many countries, it is perfectly normal, and even expected, that after a few years working alongside someone whom you’ve come to consider your friend, you would meet them for coffee or invite them to your home. 

This public/private divide extends to other areas, such as public displays of emotion, which translate in the way people communicate, making them come across as cold and distant.

“I have found that, culturally, Swedes take a while to let people in. This, in a way, can make it hard to make friends initially. However, once they get to know you they are incredibly kind and loyal friends”, says Madeline Robson, 31, who’s been living in Sweden for three years.

She recognises that Swedish culture requires more time and effort when trying to connect with people.

This seems to be an experience shared by those who answered The Local’s survey: 40 percent say they have not befriended any Swedes, while almost 30 percent say that it took them a year or more to make a Swedish friend. 

More recently, researchers Bengt Brülde and Filip Fors dove deep into the question of Swedish individualism and set out to debunk the myth of the lonely Swede. They concluded that Swedes actually do better than most Europeans when it comes to the numbers and quality of their friendships.

“A possible explanation for this is that Swedish individualism makes it easier to choose one's own company, and that this leads to more and better friendships,” they concluded. 

This means Swedes feel freer not to spend time with people they don’t want in their lives, making friendship a bigger commitment to those they actually let in.

Before moving from her native Canada to join her Swedish partner, Madeline Robson had already had a certain image of Swedes painted for her.

“I was told Swedish people were hard to get to know and that I likely wouldn’t have Swedish friends," she says. 

Eager to build a community she could lean on, Madeline thought the best way to achieve that would be to connect with other internationals, with whom she had common experiences.

Like many other newly arrived people, she actively worked on building new friendships, and her community slowly started to shape up. In that journey, she found that her own insecurities were the bigger obstacle.

“I didn’t know the language or understand the nuances of the culture. I felt like I was a burden for making people accommodate me, even though everyone spoke English and didn’t mind. So at first, I had a hard time opening up to people. But after a while I learned that the more I opened up, the more people were willing to get to know me. And that’s when things started to get a lot easier and it felt more natural to make friends.” 

“When you live abroad, everything can feel like it requires extra effort to fit in”, Madeline concludes.

On her Instagram and TikTok she shares her experience of life as a foreigner in Sweden and gets lots of questions on how to make Swedish friends.

There is no formula – and that’s also not the point, she says. “I always say that that shouldn’t be the goal. The goal should be to connect with others who make you feel good about yourself, who support you, and who you share interests with. Go on friendship dates, join in on community events, attend meet-ups. It’s ultimately about putting yourself out there”. 

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LIVING IN SWEDEN

IN NUMBERS: Almost one in three Swedes can cycle to work in 15 minutes

Almost 1.2 million Swedes - around a third of the country’s working population - have a commute of less than 15 minutes by bike, new statistics reveal.

Published: 2 April 2024 12:51 CEST
IN NUMBERS: Almost one in three Swedes can cycle to work in 15 minutes

Sweden is a long, narrow country with large distances between its towns and cities. Despite this, 87 percent of the country’s population lives in towns or cities, which make up just 1.6 percent of the country’s surface area.

“Almost 1.2 million of employed people in the country are able to cycle to work within 15 minutes, measured by looking at the distance between their home and workplace. That’s a third of people who are employed,” Statistics Sweden analyst Fredrik Andersson wrote in a comment.

What’s a 15-minute city?

It’s a simple idea which originated in Paris in 2015 with Colombian city planner Carlos Moreno, and has been strongly championed by the French capital’s mayor Anne Hidalgo.

The idea is simple – that anyone living in an undeniably urban environment, like Paris, should have all their daily needs – shopping, education, health, leisure, even work – within an easily reachable 15-minute walk or cycle ride.  

That would mean that each neighbourhood would have amenities like a food shop, a health centre, sports facilities, schools and nurseries and an option to socialise like a bar, café or restaurant. 

“Unnecessary transport times have accelerated our lives, shortened our days to the detriment of family, leisure and the environment,” Moreno argues.

Effectively, the idea is of a return to life before cars became ubiquitous, when people genuinely lived locally.

Varies based on region

In Sweden, figures vary depending on region, and the areas where a higher proportion of the population could commute to work by bike in 15 minutes or less, according to Statistics Sweden’s figures, were most likely to be in smaller municipalities with a population of 100,000 or less. Six in ten of those with a sub-15 minute commute live in municipalities like these.

“At the top we have Kiruna municipality in Norrbotten, where 66 percent of employed people can cycle to work in 15 minutes,” Statistics Sweden analyst Stefan Svanström wrote. “After that comes Fagersta in Västmanland, with 64 percent, then Arvidsjaur in Norrbotten, also with 64 percent.”

Most of the municipalities with short commutes have small populations, as well as a small number of towns with large distances between them. This means that most people living in these areas work in the same town they live in, which is usually compact, so it doesn’t take long to cycle to different parts of town.

This particular set of statistics only looked at the distance from home to work, so things like closeness to food shops, doctors or schools were not taken into consideration, although in practice these amenities are also likely to be situated in municipalities’ central towns, too.

When looking at the country’s four largest municipalities – Malmö, Uppsala, Stockholm and Gothenburg, Malmö had the largest percentage of people who were able to cycle to work within 15 minutes: 43 percent, followed by Uppsala on 37 percent, Stockholm on 30 and Gothenburg on 28.

“In commuter towns like Ale and Härryda outside of Gothenburg, as well as Lomma outside Malmö and Knivsta between Uppsala and Stockholm, only around one in ten working people are able to cycle to work in under 15 minutes. That’s the lowest percentage in the country,” Andersson said.

Why more women than men?

The figures also varied depending on gender – 56 percent of women lived less than a 15 minute cycle ride from their workplace, compared to 44 percent of men.

Some of the most common professions in the country are in healthcare, education and retail, which are more often placed in central areas of municipalities, as well as being areas with a larger proportion of female employees.

“As a result of this, there are more women than men who can cycle to work in under 15 minutes in most municipalities,” Svanström said.

“The largest difference in percent is between Norsjö in Västerbotten, where 53 percent of women can cycle in 15 minutes, while men are on 36 percent,” he added.

In 172 of Sweden’s 290 municipalities, there were areas where more than half of employed people could cycle to work within 15 minutes. Areas where three quarters or more of the employed population could get to work in 15 minutes were most likely to be in the central towns of smaller municipalities with populations below 50,000.

The only municipality with a population of 100,000 or more which had areas where more than three quarters of the population could cycle to work in 15 minutes or less was Umeå, with these areas found in central parts of the city.

In Stockholm, the areas where the highest percentage of workers had a commute of 15 minutes or less by bike were parts of the Oscars kyrka area (73 percent) and Engelbrekts kyrka area (72 percent), both in Östermalm.

Statistics Sweden have made their data available here, so you can check out the figures for the area where you live broken down by region, municipality, “demographic statistic area” and gender.

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