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NAZIS

Berlin film festival casts new light on ex-director’s hidden Nazi past

The Berlin film festival, one of Europe's top cinema showcases, released a study Wednesday showing the deep entrenchment of its founding director in the Nazi propaganda apparatus, which he actively covered up.

Published: 30 September 2020 15:35 CEST
Berlin film festival casts new light on ex-director's hidden Nazi past
US actor Shirley MacLaine with Alfred Bauer in Berlin, 1971. Photo: DPA

The Berlinale, as the annual event is known, said in a statement that researchers found that Alfred Bauer, who ran the festival from its start in 1951 until 1976, was a high-ranking official in the Reich Film Administration.

Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels created the body in 1942 to oversee movie production and Bauer's role there “contributed to the functioning, stabilisation and legitimation of the Nazi regime”, the festival said in a statement.

The embarrassing revelations first emerged in a report by weekly newspaper Die Zeit last January.

Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels created the body in 1942 to oversee movie production and Bauer's role there “contributed to the functioning, stabilisation and legitimation” of the Nazi regime”, the festival said in a statement.

They led the Berlinale to strip Bauer's name from one of its top prizes and commission an independent investigation by the Munich-based Institute for Contemporary History (IfZ).

Berlinale co-chief Mariette Rissenbeek called the latest facts to come to light, and Bauer's successful efforts after the war to keep quiet his role in the Nazi power structure, “alarming”.

“They constitute an important element in the process of dealing with the Nazi past of cultural institutions which were founded after 1945,” she said in a statement.

“The new knowledge also changes the view of the founding years of the Berlinale.”

READ ALSO: Berlinale award withdrawn over director's Nazi past

 

'Avid SA man'

Rissenbeek said Bauer appeared to be one of many German cultural officials who were able to sweep their Nazi past under the carpet and seamlessly continue their careers after Adolf Hitler's fall despite the Allies' “denazification” drive.

She called for further research into the German film industry's roots in the country's Nazi past.

The IfZ confirmed Bauer belonged to the Nazi party and was “an avid SA man,” referring to the Sturmabteilung paramilitary wing.

Bauer also played a key role in the surveillance of actors, producers and other members of the film industry.

After World War II Bauer sought to erase all traces of his Nazi past, even telling Allied interrogators that he had resisted the regime.

He died in 1986, whereupon the festival established the prize in his name. Its winning films included Alain Resnais's “Aimer, boire et chanter” (Life of Riley) (2014) and Zhang Yimou's “Hero” in 2003.

The Berlinale ranks with Cannes and Venice among Europe's top filmfests.

This year dissident Iranian director Mohammad Rasoulof won its Golden Bear top prize for “There Is No Evil”, a searingly critical work about the death penalty in his country.

By Deborah Cole

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NAZIS

German justice contaminated by Nazis in post-war years

Germany's justice system was still filled with former Nazis well into the 1970s, as the Cold War coloured efforts to root out fascists, according a damning official inquiry presented Thursday.

Published: 18 November 2021 17:09 CET
Professors Friedrich Kießling and Christoph Safferling present their report
Professors Friedrich Kießling and Christoph Safferling present their report "State Security in the Cold War". Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Uwe Anspach

In the 600-page collection of findings entitled “State Security in the Cold War”, historian Friedrich Kiessling and legal scholar Christoph Safferling focused on the period from the early 1950s until 1974.

Their research found that between 1953 and 1959, around three in four top officials at the federal prosecutor’s office, which commissioned the report, had belonged to the Nazi party.

More than 80 percent had worked in Adolf Hitler’s justice apparatus, and it would take until 1972 before they were no longer in the majority.

“On the face of it they were highly competent lawyers… but that came against the backdrop of the death sentences and race laws in which they were involved,” said Margaretha Sudhof, state secretary at the justice ministry, unveiling the report.

“These are disturbing contradictions to which our country has long remained blind.”

‘Combat mission’

It was not until 1992, two years after Germany’s national reunification, that the last prosecutor with a fascist background left the office.

“There was no break, let alone a conscious break, with the Nazi past” at the federal prosecutor’s office, the authors concluded, stressing “the great and long continuity” of the functions held and “the high number” of officials involved in Hitler’s regime.

Chief federal prosecutor Peter Frank commissioned the study in 2017. The federal prosecutor’s office is one of Germany’s most powerful institutions, handling the most serious national security cases including those involving terrorism and espionage.

With more than 100 prosecutors, it is “the central actor in the fight against terror,” the report authors said, underlining its growing role in the decades since the September 11th, 2001 attacks in the United States.

The researchers were given unfettered access to hundreds of files labelled classified after the war, and found that rooting out alleged communists was often prioritised over other threats, including from the far right.

“In the 1950s the federal prosecutor’s office had a combat mission – not a legal but a political one: to pursue all the communists in the country,” the daily Süddeutsche Zeitung said in a summary of the report.

‘Recycling’ Nazis

The fact that West Germany widely used former officials from the Nazi regime in its post-war administration had long been known.

For example, Hans Globke served as chief of staff and a trusted confidant to former conservative West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer between 1953 and 1963 and was responsible for recruitment to top posts.

However, Globke had also been a senior civil servant in the Nazi-era interior ministry and was involved in the drafting of the 1935 Nuremberg race laws that imposed the first dramatic restrictions on Jews.

In recent years, systematic digging into the past of key ministries and institutions has unearthed a troubling and previously hidden degree of “recycling” of Third Reich officials in the post-war decades.

A 2016 government report revealed that in 1957, more than a decade after the war ended, around 77 percent of senior officials at the justice ministry had been members of the Nazi party. That study, also carried out by Safferling, revealed that the number of former Nazis at the ministry did not decline after the fall of the regime but actually grew in the 1950s.

Part of the justification was cynical pragmatism: the new republic needed experienced civil servants to establish the West German justice system. Furthermore, the priorities of the Allies who won the war and “liberated” the country from the Nazis were quickly turned upside down in the Cold War context.

After seeking to de-Nazify West Germany after 1945, the aim quickly shifted to building a capitalist bulwark against the communist threat. That approach often meant turning a blind eye to Germans’ previous involvement in the Third Reich.

In recent years, Germany has embarked on a twilight attempt to provide justice for concentration camp victims, placing several former guards in their 90s on trial for wartime crimes.

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