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30 years on: German government hails success of reunification

Almost 30 years on from German reunification, the former East Germany has largely caught up with the west economically but still has a lower level of trust in democracy, according to an annual report presented Wednesday.

Published: 17 September 2020 09:34 CEST

30 years on: German government hails success of reunification

Germans celebrating at the Brandenburg Gate to mark reunification on October 3rd, 1990. Photo: DPA

GDP per capita in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) has reached 79.1 percent of that in the rest of the country, according to the report presented to the German cabinet.

At the time of reunification on October 3rd, 1990, that figure stood at just 37 percent, compared to their western counterparts.

“Some things have taken longer than planned. But in many areas we can basically say: unity accomplished,” said Marco Wanderwitz, the government commissioner for the former East German states.

The income gap has also narrowed: In 2018, average income in the east was 88.3 percent of that in the west — partly thanks to a growing network of small and medium-sized tech companies, the report said.

But the gap still exists, partly because of lower population density in the east, which has more rural areas and whose urban areas are not as well developed.

'Small-scale economy'

“Another important reason is the so-called 'small-scale nature' of the economy, ie the lack of corporate headquarters and of large medium-sized companies,” the report notes.

The unemployment rate in the former GDR was more than 15 percent in 2005, but has now fallen below 10 percent and as low as 6 percent in some areas — close to the 4 percent recorded in some areas of southern Germany.

This development is partly due to the retirement of previous generations, the report suggests.

In some areas, the east is doing better than the west. Women in the former GDR are more likely to be in full-time work (74 percent compared to 68 percent), largely due to better childcare facilities.

Despite these improvements, some indicators remain less favourable, the report says.

Support for democracy as the best political system for Germany stands at 91 percent in the former West Germany, but just 78 percent in the east.

There are also “differences” between east and west when it comes to attitudes towards foreigners, Wanderwitz noted.

Other than Berlin, Germany's eastern states have the highest rates of support for the far right — running at 20 percent in some areas.

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'All you need is love': How the Beatles brought a couple on two sides of the Berlin Wall together

Hans and Uschi while they were dating in the Seventies. Photo courtesy of Hans and Uschi Kriz

Like many people from Berlin, the lives and love story of Hans and Uschi Kriz were shaped by the Berlin Wall, which fell 31 years ago on November 9th, 1989. I first met Hans and Uschi when I lived with their son’s family as part of a German language program.

I spent Sunday afternoons at their house having lunch, playing games, and exploring their beautiful gardens. I decided to catch up with them recently to learn more about their family history – and how the Beatles brought them together when Berlin was a divided city.

Journey to East and West Berlin

Hans and Uschi look back fondly on the many photo albums documenting their life together. Photo by author.

Hans Kriz was born in 1949 in Regensburg in Bavaria to German refugees from Poland and former Czechloslovakia who, like many ethnic Germans, had to flee from their homes after World War II. His parents met in a refugee camp near Regensburg and got married shortly after.

Uschi was born to two German parents in Ahrensfelde in Brandenburg in 1952, an area that was already under control of the then Soviet Union and very close to East Berlin.

Both Hans and Uschi showed an early disregard for involving themselves in the predominant political movements of their times.

She was initially the only child in her school class that was not a part of the Junge Pioniere, or the “Young Pioneers,” a subdivision of the larger youth movement Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ).

Her first-grade teacher then came to her home to encourage her parents to let her join so that she could participate in the many activities run by the organisation at school. Although they were anti-Communist, they allowed Uschi to participate.

This group, similar to scouting clubs and meant for children ages six to 14, was the extent of her political involvement in the GDR. She was six years old at the time: “What did I know of the political side?,” she remembered.

Banner aHans was working as a young adult at the German Red Cross as a paramedic when he was approached by the German army and asked to do the same job as a soldier.

Hans was working as a young adult at the German Red Cross as a paramedic when he was approached by the German army and asked to do the same job as a soldier.

He did not want to be a part of the military and found a way to ‘flee’ to West Berlin, where the occupying powers did not allow the German army to exist.

Thus, Hans and Uschi both found themselves in Berlin — he in the West, she in the East.

A shared love of radio

Uschi had grown up watching Western television at home, and her love of beat music followed. Western beat music was officially banned in the GDR in 1965 and the signal from American radio stations in West Germany was suppressed.

However, Uschi and many others were still able to find a signal from the BBC and loyally sat by the radio every week to hear the program “Eine Kleine Beatmusik” at 9 pm.

Hans also listened to the program and decided that he would love to meet young people in the GDR who also loved Beatmusik to learn about their lives behind the Berlin Wall. He wrote a letter to the BBC in London, asking them to broadcast his address and request. They agreed.

For two weeks there was no answer. Then, Hans received a box full of letters, probably from “everyone who heard it in the whole GDR,” he speculates.

At first he thought he would write back to all of them, but he realised that he must choose a few to answer; Uschi’s was one of the letters he randomly selected.

“I wanted to connect with a Beatles fan from West Berlin,” she explained.

Love and music across the border

Thus began their relationship over a shared love of the BBC, Beatmusik, and the Beatles in 1969.

The letters they exchanged began as a friendly discussion about music and their lives on opposite sides of the Berlin Wall. Uschi was happy living in the GDR at the time. She had her friends, her family, a garden, and her education.

Hans would visit her as often as possible, even though doing so was difficult with the high fees and strict rules to return to the border by midnight.

Hans and Uschi's photo book shows many of the famous sites of divided Berlin. Photo courtesy of Hans and Uschi Kriz.

Over time, they fell in love and decided to get married. Uschi remembers how risky this choice was for her: “I still had a lot of questions. What was the living situation?…I couldn’t meet his family.” It is “very complicated when one is blind and in love,” she said.

Hans arranged for a lawyer in the West to help Uschi obtain a pass to leave East Berlin. She was working at the library of the Naturkundemuseum in Berlin when she received an unexpected phone call telling her that her pass was ready and where and when to pick it up.

“Basically, one could say the GDR practically sold me to the West,” she explained.

Only four weeks later on July 20th, 1975, she joined Hans in the West. Many dates are blurred in her memory, but Uschi said, “I know this one exactly.”

They honeymooned in London, in honour of the BBC.

Watched by the Stasi?

I asked them whether or not they felt the GDR Ministry for State Security, known as the Stasi, was monitoring their correspondence from 1969-1975.

Hans answered without hesitation: “I have a very thick Stasi file.”

The file revealed that he was followed by members of the Stasi in both East and West Berlin.

Uschi said she has also read her file, but much of it was nonsense to her: “I don’t understand it at all.”

The Mauerfall

One of the photos in the Kriz family album shows a view of the TV tower at Alexanderplatz with the barbed wire of the Berlin Wall in the foreground. Photo courtesy of Hans and Uschi Kriz.

Hans was near Checkpoint Charlie working the night shift for his job at Axel Springer when the Berlin Wall fell in November 1989.

He returned to their home in Frohnau and woke Uschi, who like many slept through the surprise “Mauerfall.” She had worked a long day and was so sleepy that she didn’t believe him. It wasn’t until she saw the television coverage the next morning that she realised what had happened.

Both Hans and Uschi were delighted when the capital of the reunified government returned to Berlin.

I asked them if they still experience the Mauer im Kopf, or “Wall in the head,” that many German politicians and intellectuals describe as existing to this day.

Hans immediately answered “Yes,” while Uschi said, “The Wall fell quickly for me.”

She said that many people still view differences between the East and West very strongly.

“My neighbour says I’m a Wossi, more Wessi [West German] than Ossi [East German],” she said, “I feel like more of an Ossi.”

However, Uschi always viewed Berlin as one city, even when the wall still existed. She never thought of it as the capital city of the GDR, regardless of what the state authorities said.

“I’ve always seen Berlin as one, Berliners together. For me, Berlin was always Berlin.”

Remembering the Wall

In Frohnau, right along the border of Brandenburg in northern Berlin, one can visit the Postenweg, the former path of the Wall that has been converted to an open bicycle path. There are still Wachturms, or ‘watch towers,’ standing.

Hans and Uschi's son helps chip off some of the remaining Wall in Frohnau after its fall. Photo courtesy of Hans and Uschi Kriz.

Both Hans and Uschi wish that more parts of the Berlin Wall were left in place, “Perhaps even in front of the Brandenburg Gate,” said Hans. They worry that young people have no idea where the Wall was and therefore forget the history.

Hans sighs, then quoted the Rolling Stones, “You can’t always get what you want.”

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