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AUSCHWITZ

‘I weighed 32 kilos’: Auschwitz survivors remember a living hell

Survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp, now in their 90s, are still working tirelessly to ensure their first-hand testimonies are passed on to younger generations.

'I weighed 32 kilos': Auschwitz survivors remember a living hell
File photo: DPA

“I really thought it would be my last journey … I weighed 32 kilos.”

Three quarters of a century have passed but all those years cannot dim the memories of Esther Senot as she recalls the horrors of Auschwitz.

As survivors of the Nazi death camp gather near the infamous “Arbeit macht frei” (work makes you free) inscription at the gate to what was once their living hell, Raphael Esrail also reflects.

“When I came, in February 1944, I thought I'd be killed that very day,” says Esrail, the 93-year-old president of France's Union of Auschwitz Deportees (UDA).

Visiting the site of the camp at Oswiecim, Poland, with fellow deportees Yvette Levy and Ginette Kolinka, Senot and Esrail are among just a few dozen still alive to pass on their experiences to younger generations.

“We came back — but it was an accident of history,” says Esrail, his gait unsteady but his voice still firm.

The Soviet Red Army liberated the emaciated inmates of the camp, where more than 1.1 million people perished, on January 27th, 1945.

Ever since, Esrail and his association have made it “our duty to bear witness, to pass on to the young what we can.”

The French quartet — all in their 90s — visited the camp Thursday as part of a French educational programme. Annually, some 2.2 million people file through the site that symbolises the horrors of the Holocaust.

Their testimony is intensely moving, as is their doggedness in keeping their experiences in the public mind.

Age cannot weary Levy in fulfilment of that goal — the 93-year-old is making her 230th, perhaps even her 250th — visit.

“I lost count ages ago,” she says.

“Today, it's adults but generally we accompany adolescents more or less the same age that we were when we disembarked from the wagons,” or crammed railway cattle cars in which they were taken to the camp.

Promise kept

There, everybody looked out for everyone else. “We tried to help those who were not ok — we made a promise never to leave anyone by the wayside.”

Senot, 91, made and has kept a promise of her own.

“First, I came on my own, then with my husband from 1985, then accompanied groups.

“My sister, who I met up with in the camp, made me promise just before she died that if I survived I would tell everyone what we went through. I have kept my promise,” she comments, surveying the remains of the gas chambers which the Nazis dynamited in a bid to erase all trace of their crimes.

Survivors have contributed to thousands of hours of first hand video historic testimony — but they know that the recordings will soon be all that remain.

“With the UDA, we have been struggling for years to get these videos broadcast at the entrance — but it's not easy (dealing with) with the Polish authorities,” explains Esther.

Kolinka, 94, says she has been guiding school groups “at least once a month from October to March for more than 20 years. And I shall keep coming as long as I can if they need me…”

“We had no underclothes, a little cotton pullover and a canvas skirt. We were always cold and clung to one another to keep warm.

“I still don't know how we survived.”

READ ALSO: Tourists charged with stealing bricks from Auschwitz memorial

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ANTI-SEMITISM

‘We will fight for our Germany’: Holocaust survivor issues warning to far right

Holocaust survivor Charlotte Knobloch on Wednesday called for a stronger defence of the country's "fragile" democracy and issued a searing rebuke to the far right: "We will fight for our Germany".

'We will fight for our Germany': Holocaust survivor issues warning to far right
Knobloch addressing the Bundestag on Wednesday. Photo: DPA

In an emotional speech to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, Knobloch told the Bundestag lower house of parliament that extremists and conspiracy theorists were exploiting fears around the pandemic and a diversifying society.

“We must not forget for a single day how fragile the precious achievements of the last 76 years are” since the liberation of the Auschwitz death camp on January 27th, 1945.

“Anti-Semitic thought and words draw votes again, are socially acceptable again — from schools to corona protests and of course the internet, that catalyst for hatred and incitement of all kinds.”

Knobloch, 88, a former leader of Germany's 200,000-strong Jewish community who survived the Holocaust in hiding as a child in Bavaria, warned that the enemies of democracy are stronger than many think”.

“I call on you: take care of our country,” she said, describing right-wing extremism as “the greatest danger for all” in Germany.

'You lost your fight'

Addressing deputies of the hard-right Alternative for Germany, the largest opposition group in parliament with nearly 100 seats, Knobloch accused many of its followers of “picking up the tradition” of the Nazis.

“I tell you: you lost your fight 76 years ago,” Knobloch said. “You will continue to fight for your Germany and we will keep fighting for our Germany.”

Knobloch fought back tears as she recounted the terror of the Nazis' rise and the deportation of her grandmother, Albertine Neuland, to the Theresienstadt concentration camp where she starved to death in 1944.

READ ALSO: 'Fight against forgetting': Germany marks Holocaust anniversary in shadow of coronavirus

“I stand before you as a proud German, against all odds and although much still makes it unlikely. Sadness, pain, desperation and loneliness accompany me.”

The window of a new synagogue which opened in Konstanz in November 2019. Photo: DPA

But she said Germany's enduring commitment to reckon with its history made her hopeful.

“I am proud of the young people in our country. They are free of guilt for the past but they assume responsibility for today and tomorrow: interested,
passionate and courageous.”

However Bundestag speaker Wolfgang Schaeuble, a respected elder statesman,
warned that the German consensus around atonement for the Nazis' crimes, long
seen as part of the bedrock of the post-war order, was showing signs of vulnerability.

He told the chamber it was “devastating” to admit that “our remembrance culture does not protect us from a brazen reinterpretation or even a denial of history”.

“And it doesn't protect us from new forms of racism and anti-Semitism,” said Schaeuble, 78.

Jewish journalist and activist Marina Weisband, 33, also urged continued vigilance.

“To be Jewish in Germany is to know it happened and can happen again,” she said.

“Anti-Semitism doesn't begin when shots are fired at a synagogue,” she said, referring to an extremist attack in the eastern city of Halle in October 2019.

READ ALSO: 'It doesn't change my feeling about Germany': Jewish community fearful but defiant after Halle attack

“The Shoah did not begin with gas chambers… It is not extinct, this conviction that there are people whose dignity is worth more than others'.”

Germany has officially marked Holocaust Remembrance Day every January 27th
since 1996 with a solemn ceremony at the Bundestag featuring a speech by a survivor and commemorations across the country.

Of the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust, more than one million were murdered at Auschwitz-Birkenau, most in its notorious gas chambers, along with tens of thousands of others including homosexuals, Roma and Soviet prisoners of war.

This year's anniversary is marked by growing concerns about extremist violence and incitement in Germany.

Chancellor Angela Merkel has spoken of her “shame” over rising anti-Semitism, as the Jewish community has warned that coronavirus conspiracy theories are being used to stir hatred.

In a speech recorded for Remembrance Day, Merkel thanked the elderly survivors “who muster the strength to tell the story of their lives”.

“Their first-hand accounts show us just how vulnerable human dignity is and
how easily the values that underpin peaceful coexistence can be violated,” she
said.

Anti-Jewish crimes have risen steadily, with 2,032 offences recorded in 2019, up 13 percent on the previous year, according to the latest official figures.

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