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WEATHER

Switzerland experiencing the hottest summer since 1864

Temperatures between April and July this year were the hottest for more than 150 years.

Published: 25 July 2018 09:58 CEST
Switzerland experiencing the hottest summer since 1864
Participants throw water during a flash mob in the fountain of the Parc de Milan public park on July 14, 2018, in Lausanne. Photo: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP.

Small glaciers are melting, the danger of forest fires is rising and the water level in many rivers and lakes is decreasing at a worrying rate.

Switzerland's hottest summer for more than a century and a half is reaping havoc on Switzerland's water bodies. “Large rivers have low flows; the Aare, Reuss, Limmat and Upper Rhine even show values ​​close to their lowest seasonal level,” warns Switzerland's Federal Office for the Environment in a summary of how the hot summer is affecting Swiss ecosystems, water supplies, glaciers and aquatic animals. 

Groundwater levels have also been reduced, although Switzerland has extensive reserves. Nearly 80 per cent of Swiss water usage for agriculture, drinking water and industry is sourced from groundwater. Nevertheless, certain cantons have placed restrictions on pumping water and reserves are being employed. 

“Reserves are currently intensively used to meet the needs of drinking and industrial water, for agriculture, for energy production, for recreation and relaxation or for sewage disposal,” wrote OFEV, the Federal Office for the Environment in its summary for July.

Fish and aquatic fauna are suffering. Watercourses with low levels of water warm faster and in many areas certain species of fish, such as trout, have had to be relocated for their survival.

“The temperature is rising particularly fast in small water courses in the Swiss Plateau and in the canton of Jura,” writes OFEV.

READ ALSO: Sizzling temperatures leading to 'catastrophe' for fish in Swiss lakes and rivers

The record dry, hot season is taking its toll on the roof of Europe too. “High temperatures are causing significant ice losses in the Alps. If temperatures remain high, this accentuated melt will continue in the coming weeks, and the summer of 2018 will again be harmful for glaciers,” adds the environmental ministry.

The danger of forest fires is also “very high in most areas of Switzerland.” Nine cantons have placed a temporary ban on any kind of outdoor fires, six more than last week. “It would have to rain for a long time to distance the threat of wildfires,” states the communiqué from the environmental authorities. 

The weather conditions are exceptional. Switzerland is experiencing its lowest year of rainfall since 1921 and the hottest summer since 1864, according to Swiss news portal 20 Minutes. 

READ MORE: Summer in April: parts of Switzerland see record temperatures

ENVIRONMENT

Swiss climate policy in spotlight after court ruling

Switzerland is facing scrutiny of its environmental policies after becoming the first country faulted by an international court for failing to do enough against climate change.

Published: 15 April 2024 11:56 CEST
Swiss climate policy in spotlight after court ruling

The European Court of Human Rights’s ruling last week highlighted a number of failings in Swiss policies, but experts stressed that the ountry was not necessarily doing much worse than its peers.

“The judgement made it really clear that there are critical gaps in the Swiss domestic regulatory framework,” said Tiffanie Chan, a policy analyst at the London School of Economics and Political Science specialising in climate change laws.

“But it’s definitely not a Switzerland-only case,” she told AFP.

Corina Heri, a postdoctoral researcher with the Climate Rights and Remedies Project at Zurich University, agreed.

“This doesn’t mean in any way that … only Switzerland has a problem,” she told AFP.

The court last Tuesday ruled in favour of the Swiss association Elders for Climate Protection — 2,500 women above the age of 64 — who had complained Swiss authorities’ “failings” on climate protection could “seriously harm” their health.

Elderly women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of heatwaves, which due to climate change are becoming more frequent and intensifying, they argued.

The court agreed, ruling that the Swiss state’s climate policy failures violated Article 8 of the European rights convention, which guarantees the “right to respect for private and family life”.

Insufficient 

The 2015 Paris Agreement set ambitious targets for governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with the aim of preferably limiting warming to below global temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

To help meet that goal, Switzerland has said it will cut emissions by 50 percent by 2030, compared to 1990-levels, and reach net zero by 2050.

That target is “average” on a global scale, according to independent monitor Climate Action Tracker (CAT) — which nonetheless deems Switzerland’s climate targets, policies and finance as “insufficient” to help reach the Paris goals.

“Switzerland’s climate policies and action until 2030 need substantial improvements to be consistent with limiting warming to 1.5C,” it says.

To reach its 2030 target, Switzerland would need to slash emissions by at least 35 percent by next year, according to Geraldine Pflieger, head of Geneva University’s science and environment institute.

But for now, Switzerland has cut emissions by less than 20 percent, which was the target it had set, and missed, for 2020.

“Switzerland is not on a favourable trajectory,” Pflieger told AFP.

By comparison, the European Union as a whole has cut emissions by 31 percent, while experts believe it is on track to reach over 60 percent by 2030, Pflieger pointed out.

Highly problematic 

But Chan stressed that many individual countries within the EU have also missed their 2020 targets.

“There are many challenges across Europe, which are similar to this case.”

The comparison however looks worse for Switzerland when considering its heavy reliance on carbon offset projects abroad towards its promised cuts, experts say.

It does not quantify how much it plans to rely on such offsets to reach its targets, something CAT described as “highly problematic”.

“The extent to which Switzerland relies on those is just huge,” Charlotte Blattner, a senior lecturer and climate law expert at the University of Bern, told AFP.

Such projects, she lamented, typically “lack traceability, they are not really verifiable”.

In addition, relying on them means “Switzerland misses a chance to basically transform its own infrastructure in a way that would align with climate policies”.

Direct democracy dilemma 

A major issue separating Switzerland from its peers is its direct democracy system, which allows popular votes on a vast array of issues, sometimes slowing down or derailing policies approved by government and parliament.
In 2021, voters rejected a new CO2 law, delaying implementation.

Finally last year, voters backed a new climate bill aimed at steering the country towards carbon neutrality by 2050.

“Direct democracy has not been a good friend for putting in place Swiss climate policies,” Pflieger said.

Blattner however stressed that Switzerland’s government can act fast in some cases.

She pointed to how it took emergency measures last year over the course of a weekend to rescue the country’s second largest bank Credit Suisse from going belly-up.

“Here, no democratic vote of the people was necessary,” she said.

“I think government should think more… of instituting effective climate change (action) rather than hiding behind excuses.”

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