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EXHIBITION

Portuguese women hit back at Swiss stereotyping

A photography exhibition will open in Fribourg on Thursday aimed at debunking common stereotypes about Portuguese people.

Published: 31 October 2016 10:42 CET

Portuguese women hit back at Swiss stereotyping

File photo: Andrea Pravettoni

The exhibition, entitled ‘Beyond clichés: portraits of Portuguese women in Nyon’, comprises 165 photos of Portuguese women from a diverse array of professions, including an architect, a police officer, and a psychologist.

It was co-created by Mariana Mendes, a Portuguese international relations graduate living in Nyon, in an attempt to counter the stereotyped perception of Portuguese women that she herself has encountered in Switzerland.

“Hearing my nationality, a man who didn’t know me asked if I’d be his cleaner. That pushed me to create this exhibition,” Mendes said in a press release announcing the Fribourg exhibition.

There are around 263,000 Portuguese in Switzerland, according to 2015 figures from the Swiss statistics office, the third largest foreign population after Italians (306,000) and Germans (298,000).

In Fribourg, the Portuguese community comprises 10.9 percent of the population, the biggest foreign population in the city.

But unflattering clichés about the Portuguese are hindering their progress in Switzerland, according to Antonio Da Cunha, president of the Federation of Portuguese Associations in Switzerland (FAPS), which is supporting the exhibition.

“They are good immigrants,” he told Le Matin. “They behave well, work hard, are discreet. But in terms of economic and social integration, we’re not yet there.”

Speaking to the paper, Mendes said it was particularly difficult for second generation Portuguese immigrants who were born in Switzerland but are prejudiced against by stereotypical views.

“We have gathered quite a lot of statements from women… who have, for example, been discouraged by teachers from pursuing medical or law studies because their mother was a cleaner,” she said.

The exhibition runs from November 3rd to 20th at the Ancienne Gare, Fribourg.

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Hannah Arendt: What you need to know about the German philosopher's life and work

A photo of Hannah Arendt at the exhibition in the German Historical Museum. Photo: DPA

Hannah Arendt lived an extraordinary life. Forced to flee Germany as a young Jewish woman in World War II, her experiences of exile and life under the Nazi regime led her to pen works which have long shaped political theory and philosophy.

We take a brief look at her life and introduce the Berlin exhibition shining a light on her remarkable influence on the 20th century.

In the beginning

Arendt was born in Hanover in 1906 as the only child to secular German-Jewish parents. She spent her childhood between Königsberg in East Prussia and Berlin. Her father died from syphilis when she was just seven years old.

At the University of Marburg in Hesse, Arendt studied philosophy under Martin Heidegger, with whom she began a brief affair. In 1929, she completed her PhD at the University of Heidelberg, writing her dissertation on the concept of love in St. Augustinian thought, under the supervision of Karl Jaspers.

Hannah Arendt's student ID card, issued by the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, 1928. Photo: Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg

Shortly afterwards, Arendt married author Gunther Stern. Whilst living with him in Berlin, Arendt began writing a biography on the 18th century German-Jewish writer and socialite Rahel Varnhagen. During this time, she also became affiliated with Zionism. In 1933, whilst conducting research on antisemitic propaganda for the German Zionist Organisation, Arendt was arrested by the Gestapo.

When she was released, Arendt fled to Paris, seeking refuge from Hitler’s totalitarian regime. There, she worked for the organisation Youth Aliyah, helping young Jews to emigrate to Palestine.

Arendt resided in France between 1933 and 1941, where she divorced Stern and met her second husband, Heinrich Blücher. In France, Arendt became associated with a group which she referred to as “the tribe” – a collective of fellow antifacist exiles, including writers Walter Benjamin and Hermann Broch.

The German occupation

In 1940, the German occupation of France led to Arendt’s imprisonment in a detention camp. She and Blücher managed to escape and fled Europe, eventually making it to the United States in 1941. They settled in New York, where Arendt would remain for the rest of her life.

Throughout the 1940s, Arendt contributed to émigré publications such as the newspaper Aufbau and worked for the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction. Towards the end of the war, Arendt began compiling material for the book which would establish her reputation as a political theorist and writer, The Origins of Totalitarianism. The work sparked a long-running and intense debate about the nature of the political system.

The discourse that followed prompted Arendt to pen works such as The Human Condition, Between Past and Future, and On Revolution.

In 1961, Arendt was present at the trial of Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann, a member of Heinrich Himmler’s SS and an instrumental organiser of the mass genocide of Jews during WWI. Arendt compiled a report of the trial which was published in the New Yorker in 1963, and then as the book, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, in 1964.

Hannah Arendt at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, May 2nd 1961. Photo: Washington D.C., United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Courtesy of the Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archives of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Arendt’s views that Eichmann acted thoughtlessly and with mere aim of performing a job, of satisfying his superiors, rather than with explicitly evil intent, resulted in mass controversy and debate, particularly within the Jewish community.

She sought to further explore her view of Eichmann as an unthinking, banal manifestation of evil rather than an innately monstrous individual in her posthumously published work The Life of the Mind.

Affairs in the United States impacted Arendt, prompting her to publish articles on the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War and student uprisings. Essays on American politics in light of the developments of the 1960s and 1970s are collected in Crises of the Republic.

From 1957-1967, Arendt taught at various American universities. She died in New York in 1975, at the age of 69.

Hannah Arendt at the Wesleyan University. Photo: Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Library, Special Collections & Archives

Paying tribute to Arendt’s life

“Hannah Arendt and the Twentieth Century” opened on May 11th at Berlin’s Deutsches Historisches Museum, after the coronavirus pandemic saw the exhibition postponed for over six weeks.

The museum is now operating under strict safety guidelines, namely mandatory mask-wearing, a 1.5 metre distance rule and time-specific visiting slots which can be reserved in advance online.

Curated by Dr. Monika Boll, the exhibition spans two floors of the museum’s modern wing. Through video recordings, film interviews and displays, the exhibition tracks in sixteen sections the experiences, encounters and controversies that have come to characterise Arendt’s life and work.

The museum's modern wing. Photo: DPA.

Also highlighted is the continual impact of Arendt’s writing on modern discourse, particularly her thoughts on the status of refugees, shaped by her own experiences of exile.

Around 300 objects from Deutsches Historisches Museum’s collections and institutions such as the Hannah Arendt Bluecher Literary Trust, the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem, the German Literature Archive in Marbach and the Hannah Arendt Centre in Oldenburg are included in the exhibition.

Inside the exhibition. Photo: DPA

A selection of Arendt’s belongings, a series of portraits by photographer Fred Stein and a large number of her own photographs are also on display, revealing a personal side to the political theorist.

Together with the museum, Piper Verlag has published a volume of essays by notable scholars, each shedding light on an aspect of Arendt’s philosophies and their subsequent reception.

Hannah Arendt and the Twentieth Century is showing at the Deutsches Historisches Museum until October 18th, 2020.

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