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THIS WEEK IN HISTORY

HISTORY

When Max and Moritz’s ‘gruesome’ story began

Killing chickens, stealing pretzels and filling the teacher's pipe with gunpowder. It's probably not the behaviour most parents try to encourage – but it's been a part of German youngsters' bedtime routines for 150 years this week.

When Max and Moritz's 'gruesome' story began
The infamous pair first appeared on bookshelves in 1865. Image: Wikimedia Commons

If you've grown up in Germany or have German parents, chances are you'll have come across the grisly tale of Max and Moritz.

Written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch, this darkly humourous story of two young troublemakers first appeared in October 1865.

Told entirely in rhyming couplets, “Max and Moritz: A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks” (“Max und Moritz: Eine Bubengeschichte in Sieben Streichen”) follows two young boys as they play a series of pranks on family and neighbours.

This isn't just about switching the salt and sugar pots, though.

“I don't think I've ever read the book myself, but I've had the stories told to me by my parents,” 23-year-old Jana, a student from Berlin told the Local.

“I always found it completely gruesome,” she said. “The pranks, and how they end up being baked at the end, it was all too much for me!”

Now, what could two children possibly do to deserve getting baked into a loaf of bread?

Quite a lot, it turns out.


Max and Moritz heading into the oven after the baker catches them.

The deeds of Max and Moritz

The first thing the doomed pair do in the tale is tie some bread crusts together. Not too bad, you might think – until they feed the bread to Widow Bolte's chickens and get them tangled up, killing them all.


Widow Bolte finds her chickens killed by the pair. 

And things only get worse from here.

After stealing the chickens while the widow tries to cook them, the boys send a local tailor plunging into a river, before burning their teacher's hair off with a pipe full of gunpowder and pouring bugs into their uncle's bed.


Uncle Fritz wakes up to a bed full of may bugs. 

But soon it all starts to go wrong for the boys.

After a lucky escape from a vat of dough and an angry baker, Max and Moritz finally meet their match when Farmer Melke catches them cutting open his grain sacks.

SEE ALSO: Germany's most gruesome children's stories


Zappelphilipp (Fidgety Philipp) by Heinrich Hoffmann. 

The phrase “going through the mill” gains a literal – and quite frankly, disturbing – meaning here, and the farmer grinds the boys to pieces before feeding them to the ducks.

A notch worse than what today's young mischief-makers can expect when they get caught. Image: Wikimedia Commons

'Unequaled to this day'

“The secret of the book's success is its combination of anarchy and Biedermeier, comedy and an interest in the subversive,” Professor Peter-André Alt, German literary scholar and President of Berlin's Free University told The Local.

Biedermeier refers to works that emerged during a period in the early 19th century when the middle class was expanding and art began to appeal to the sensibilities of people outside the aristocracy.

But the book's rhyme scheme is also important, Alt said.

“The rhymes provide for momentum, musicality and humour,” he explained.

“And we should by no means forget Wilhelm Busch's superb artistic ability, which made his characters unforgettable,” he added.

“These are cartoons in their earliest stages, and unequaled to this day.”


One of the first editions of “Max und Moritz” is at the Wilhem Busch Museum in Hanover. Photo: DPA

A worldwide success

Wilhelm Busch was born in 1832 in Wiedensahl, Lower Saxony.

Known for his illustrated cautionary tales, he was also a sharp humourist, satirising Catholicism, religious morality and bigotry – which saw several of his works banned by the authorities.

“Max und Moritz” was one of Busch's earliest works.

After struggling to find a publisher, Busche eventually struck a deal with Munich-based publishing house Braun and Schneider.

Then came the painstaking task of production – with Busch having to take every single one of his illustrations, invert them and transfer them onto blocks of wood for printing.

It seems like the effort was worth it, though: 150 years later and translated into at least 190 languages, the tale of Max and Moritz continues to entertain children both in Germany and across the world.

Let's hope it's not giving them any ideas.

By Hannah Butler

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TODAY IN FRANCE

France to compensate relatives of Algerian Harki fighters

France has paved the way towards paying reparations to more relatives of Algerians who sided with France in their country's independence war but were then interned in French camps.

France to compensate relatives of Algerian Harki fighters

More than 200,000 Algerians fought with the French army in the war that pitted Algerian independence fighters against their French colonial masters from 1954 to 1962.

At the end of the war, the French government left the loyalist fighters known as Harkis to fend for themselves, despite earlier promises it would look after them.

Trapped in Algeria, many were massacred as the new authorities took revenge.

Thousands of others who fled to France were held in camps, often with their families, in deplorable conditions that an AFP investigation recently found led to the deaths of dozens of children, most of them babies.

READ ALSO Who are the Harkis and why are they still a sore subject in France?

French President Emmanuel Macron in 2021 asked for “forgiveness” on behalf of his country for abandoning the Harkis and their families after independence.

The following year, a law was passed to recognise the state’s responsibility for the “indignity of the hosting and living conditions on its territory”, which caused “exclusion, suffering and lasting trauma”, and recognised the right to reparations for those who had lived in 89 of the internment camps.

But following a new report, 45 new sites – including military camps, slums and shacks – were added on Monday to that list of places the Harkis and their relatives were forced to live, the government said.

Now “up to 14,000 (more) people could receive compensation after transiting through one of these structures,” it said, signalling possible reparations for both the Harkis and their descendants.

Secretary of state Patricia Miralles said the decision hoped to “make amends for a new injustice, including in regions where until now the prejudices suffered by the Harkis living there were not recognised”.

Macron has spoken out on a number of France’s unresolved colonial legacies, including nuclear testing in Polynesia, its role in the Rwandan genocide and war crimes in Algeria.

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