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WORLD WAR I ANNIVERSARY

WORLD WAR I

Rare World War I colour photos mark centenary

A German publisher has gathered hundreds of rare colour photographs of World War I to mark 100 years since the outbreak of the conflict.

Rare World War I colour photos mark centenary
Soldiers in a trench reinforced with concrete. Photo: Hans Hildenbrand/Taschen/LVR LandesMuseum Bonn

Despite colour photography already existing, World War I is almost always seen in black and white.

But rare colour photos taken at the front have been gathered together by author Peter Walther to mark the 100th anniversary of the war’s outbreak.

A group of photographers at the time were pioneering Autochrome technology – an early colour photography process which was patented in France in the early 20th Century.

The volume from publisher Taschen brings together 320 pictures of the war, assembled from archives in Europe, the United States and Australia.

Taschen said the book provides “unprecedented” access to the most important developments of the period.

“Since the Autochrome process required a relatively long exposure time, almost all of the photos depict carefully composed scenes, behind the rapid front-line action,” the publishers said.

“We see poignant group portraits, soldiers preparing for battle, cities ravaged by military bombardment – daily human existence and the devastating consequences on the front.”

It includes work by the early colour photographers Paul Castelnau, Fernand Cuville, Jules Gervais-Courtellemont, Léon Gimpel, Hans Hildenbrand, Frank Hurley, Jean-Baptiste Tournassoud and Charles C. Zoller.

Around 4,500 colour photos are believed to have survived the war. 

SEE ALSO: Colour photos of World War I go on display

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Five maps that explain Saarland, Germany’s 100-year old state

In honor of Saarland's 100-year anniversary as a German state this year, we look at its most important aspects, from history to geography.

Five maps that explain Saarland, Germany's 100-year old state
A sign reads "Welcome to Saarbrücken," the capital and largest city in the state of Saarland. Datenschutz-Stockfoto/Depositphotos

Saarland is Germany's smallest non-city state by land mass, and with just under one million inhabitants, is only larger than Bremen by population. 

READ ALSO: Big birthday in a small state: Saarland celebrates its 100-year old history

An international state with heavy influences from France and Luxembourg and a history of independence, Saarland presents a beautiful, eclectic culture. 

Let's begin with the basics. 

Geography

Located in the westernmost point of Southern Germany, Saarland is surrounded almost completely by the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. France creates a border to the south, while Luxembourg shares a small border with Saarland to the northwest.

The capital and most populous city of the state is Saarbrücken.

Source: ingomenhard/Depositphotos

History
 
The Saar region has a well-documented history, from being conquered by the Holy Roman Empire to being parts of the kingdoms of the Carolingians and Franks.
 
The 100-year anniversary of the founding comes from the 1920 Treaty of Versailles, which gave the then-British and-French occupied Saar area an independent League of Nations mandate lasting 15 years. The map below displays the state's new territory.
 
Source: Soerfm via Wikimedia
 
After the mandate was over in 1935, Saarland's population voted with around a 90 percent majority to join Germany.  
 
Post-World War II
 
After World War II, Saarland fell under French occupation as France attempted to take control of the coal-rich industrial areas like North Rhine-Wesphalia's Ruhr area and Saarland.
 
France didn't manage to do this, and the Saar fell under France's Saar Protectorate, as shown on the map below. This meant the state was dependent on France for protection, but retained some measure of independence and autonomy. 
 
Source: Paasikivi via Wikimedia
 
Language
 
Historically, France has been very influential in Saarland. So influential that the government announced in 2014 it aims to make schools include French as a language requirement by 2043.  
 
 
However, Saarland remains mostly German-speaking and has its own dialectical characteristics. People in the area generally speak Moselle Franconian in the north and Rhine Franconian in the South, divided by the famous dat/das line that zigzags across Europe.
 
The line passes above the capital but below Saarlouis, as shown in the map below. Another characteristic is the tendency to refer to women in the neutral form rather than feminine.
 
Source: Roßbacher via Wikimedia
 
Religion
 
Saarland is one of Germany's most religious states, and is the only one with an over-50 percent Catholic majority. The map below shows the concentration of self-identified Catholics in Germany, according to a 2011 census.
 
Most Catholics are centered in former West Germany, either in Bavaria or farther to the west in North-Rhine Westphalia or, as mentioned, Saarland. More recent statistics from late 2017 show that almost 60 percent of Saarland's population identifies as Roman Catholic.  
 
Source: Michael Sander  via Wikimedia
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