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CRIME

Autopsy delays threaten Swedish crime probes

Delays in the completion of autopsies in criminal investigations in Gothenburg in western Sweden could result in murderers going free.

Autopsy delays threaten Swedish crime probes

It currently takes an average of ten days from the time police in Gothenburg request an autopsy until the work is started, the Göteborgs-Posten (GP) newspaper reports.

The average wait time nationwide is only two days.

“The situation is totally unacceptable,” Peter Krantz, the chair of the Swedish association of forensic medical professionals (Svensk rättsmedicinsk förening), told The Local.

“Police are none too happy when it takes 14 days for them to get the results of an autopsy.

Krantz explained that Sweden, like many other western European countries, suffers from a serious lack of qualified forensic medical specialists and that the shortage can have dire consequences for the Swedish criminal justice system.

Currently, there are only 16 forensic medical specialists in all of Sweden, who are assisted by about four additional doctors who are officially employed at universities, but can assist in carrying out autopsies when needed.

According to GP, roughly 5,000 autopsies are carried out in Sweden annually, 800 of which take place in Gothenburg, resulting in an extremely high workload for Sweden’s forensic specialists.

Krantz warned that the delays that occur in carrying out autopsies can have a negative effect on criminal investigations.

“Roughly 10 percent of all murders are discovered through autopsies,” he explained.

“The more time that passes, the more likely it is that things will be missed.”

The delays can also mean that police lose precious time when they could be hunting for suspected killers, thus reducing the chances that the perpetrators will be caught.

Problems in Gothenburg have been especially acute in recent months following the departure of three doctors, according to Krantz.

After two doctors went on sick leave with heart problems, the Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket) was called in to develop a plan to deal with overworked staff, according to GP.

The efforts proved fruitless, however, with staff telling the newspaper that the work environment is a “total catastrophe” for forensic medical specialists in Gothenburg.

Krantz estimates that Sweden needs to double its current number of forensic medical experts to keep up with the demand for autopsies.

The issue isn’t money, but rather encouraging people to enter the profession in the first place.

“There are very few people who enter medical school with the intention of going into forensic medicine,” he said.

He admitted that there has been something of a “CSI-effect”, with an uptick in interest in forensics as a result of the popular US television dramas which depict the profession in a glamourous light.

“But it takes years for these young people to go through and complete their training. You can’t just buy a fully trained forensic specialist off the shelf,” said Krantz.

He fears as well that news of the tough working conditions for forensic medical experts in Sweden will dissuade would be candidates from pursuing a career in the field.

“This is a very difficult and long-term problem to solve,” he said.

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CRIME

How the fine you get in Sweden might be based on your income

There are two main types of fines that you could be given in Sweden: fixed fines which have a set value and fines which vary in value depending on your income. Here’s how they work.

How the fine you get in Sweden might be based on your income

How do fines work in Sweden?

The two most common types of fine are penningböter (a fixed amount of money) and dagsböter (which vary depending on your income and the severity of the crime committed).

There is a third type of fine, normerade böter, which are rare. These are usually calculated based on some aspect of the crime committed – like the value of an item stolen or damaged, or the horsepower of a motor involved in the crime, for example.

Who can issue these fines?

Fines in Sweden can be issued by four different authorities: the courts, the police, customs and the coast guard. 

Things like parking fines, fines for using public transport and library fines do also exist, but, legally speaking, they’re technically fees – kontrollavgifter or straffavgifter, rather than fines – böter. This is important, as true fines will leave you with a mark on your criminal record, while fees do not (although if you don’t pay them you may be issued with a black mark on your credit record).

Police and customs issue a type of penningböter (fixed fines) which are known as ordningsböter. If you’re given one of these fines and you admit to the crime straight away, then you essentially skip going through the courts and your fine is issued directly by the police instead of being issued by a judge in court. 

Ordningsböter can be issued for things like not being able to present your drivers licence or other ID when you’re driving a car (500 kronor), not having insurance on your moped (500 kronor), or antisocial behaviour in public spaces through, for example, urinating (800 kronor) or playing loud music (1,000 kronor).

As a general rule, fixed fines are issued for less serious crimes. They can vary in size from a minimum of 200 kronor to a maximum of 4,000 kronor per crime, while the maximum amount which can be issued at one time for multiple crimes is 10,000 kronor. These fines vary in size depending on the severity of the crime rather than the income of the person who has committed it.

Income-based fines or dagsböter (literally: “daily fines”) are issued for more serious crimes, like grievous bodily harm, theft, animal abuse, damage to property or taking pictures of classified buildings, so you’re not going to be issued one just for driving slightly over the speed limit.

How are dagsböter calculated?

They’re made up of two numbers. The first is the amount of fines issued, which varies depending on the severity of the crime (between 30 and 150, or 200 if they are being sentenced to fines for multiple crimes at once), and the second is the value of each fine, which depends on the income of the person charged, but must be between 50 and 1,000 kronor.

This means that the lowest possible daily fine is 30 fines of 50 kronor each, or 1,500 kronor, while the highest is 200 fines of 1,000 kronor each, or 200,000 kronor.

As a general rule, one daily fine is meant to be equivalent to one thousandth of the yearly income of the person charged, taking into account other aspects of their personal finances like debts, savings and anyone else they have to support financially. This means that two people committing the same crime can be sentenced to different fines.

Let’s say two people get in a fight and are sentenced to 80 daily fines each. The first one has no income, so their fine value is set at the minimum (50 kronor per daily fine) meaning they pay a total of 4,000 kronor. The other has a high yearly income, so their daily fine is set to 500 kronor, putting their total fine at 40,000 kronor, despite being sentenced for exactly the same crime.

Despite the name, daily fines are not paid by day, but they’re paid as a lump sum within 30 days from the date at which the sentence becomes legally binding. If the perpetrator of a fine refuses to pay, their fine will be passed on to the Enforcement Agency (Kronofogden), who have the power to seize and sell their assets to cover it.

If they refuse to pay the fine despite being financially able to, they can be sentenced to prison for anywhere between two weeks to three months.

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